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Volumes / Supplements / 6 - 2014 / Ramazzotti M.

Analytical Archaeology and Artificial Adaptive Systems

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Fig. 1 – Culture as a system with subsystems. A static and schematic model of dynamic equilibrium between the subsystem network of a single socio-cultural system and its total environment system. The internal setting of subsystems within the general system constitutes cultural morphology, as opposed to the external setting of the system in its environment, comprising cultural ecology (Clarke 1968).

Fig. 1 – Culture as a system with subsystems. A static and schematic model of dy...

Fig. 2 – The three archaeological interactions grammars (Clarke 1979).

Fig. 2 – The three archaeological interactions grammars (Clarke 1979).

Fig. 3 – Code that formalizes the systemic operation of a Danish parish defining logical operating characteristics (Clarke 1979).

Fig. 3 – Code that formalizes the systemic operation of a Danish parish defining...

Fig. 4 – a) The synapses, which are based on a neuron in the brain, are excitatory or inhibitory depending on the neurotransmitter released (Storti Gajani 1982); b) Example of a three-layer ANNs in which input neurons (bottom left) elaborate a configuration of activations (bottom right) and transmit to one hidden layer (centre) on the basis of synaptic connections weighed. Hidden layer elements sum the inputs and produce a new configuration of activations (above) which is determined by the intensity of the connections between neurons (Churchland, Churchland 1982).

Fig. 4 – a) The synapses, which are based on a neuron in the brain, are excitato...

Fig. 5 – Combinatorial model developed by Clarke to classify and interpret the pottery beaker; the algorithm draws two different combinatorial routes that produce a high diversification of types (Clarke 1970).

Fig. 5 – Combinatorial model developed by Clarke to classify and interpret the p...

Fig. 6 – Blocks diagram of SOM’s SOM procedure. The huge amount of spatial data generated by software GIS development, the increasing number of geographic computer applications available, the computerization of a large amount of information sources, and the availability of digital maps have increased the opportunity and need for the utilization of methods for spatial classification, for both research and applied purposes. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) can be used to develop a classification procedure which blends traditional statistical methods with a machine learning approach, allowing the system to iterate over a collection of datasets until patterns can be learned and realized (Londei 2013).

Fig. 6 – Blocks diagram of SOM’s SOM procedure. The huge amount of spatial data ...

Fig. 7 – Diagram of interactions between Habitat and Biome. In the interpretation of the British archaeologist both ends of arrows imply dynamic and reciprocal relations. This is one of the earliest and most notorious attempts to deal with socio-cultural organizations as integrated and parallel to those present in the environment (Clark 1992).

Fig. 7 – Diagram of interactions between Habitat and Biome. In the interpretatio...

Fig. 8 – Metanet Topology. Between 1994 and 2008 Semeion researchers conceived and developed a series of Meta-Classifiers based on some common traits and called them “Meta-Nets.” All Meta-Nets have typically similar neural network architecture; certain input nodes are the whole outputs of all composing classifiers, and certain output nodes are the output classes of the classification problem (Buscema, Tastle, Terzi 2013).

Fig. 8 – Metanet Topology. Between 1994 and 2008 Semeion researchers conceived a...

Ramazzotti M. 2014, Analytical Archaeology and Artificial Adaptive Systems, Archeologia e Calcolatori 6